The weeks shown in color represent the start and end points of chemical exposure for each study.
| Study Results | Study Details | References |
Results for Dioxin (TCDD)Increased incidence of unilateral and bilateral hydronephrosis; increased severity of renal lesions (always greater in the right kidney) |
Subjects: C57BL/6N mice Chemical: Dioxin (TCDD) Low doses tested: 3.0 μg/kg bw Other doses tested: 6, 9, 12 or 24μg/kg bw Route of administration: dissolved in corn oil and delivered through gavage Exposure duration: gestational day 8 – single dose (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 3 to day 1 of week 4) Age of measurement: gestational day 18 |
Reference [PubMed Link] Couture LA, Harris MW, Birnbaum LS. 1990 Jul. Characterization of the peak period of sensitivity for the induction of hydronephrosis in C57BL/6N mice following exposure to 2,3,7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Fundam Appl Toxicol 15(1):142-50. |
| Study Results | Study Details | References |
Results for Dioxin (TCDD)Decreased body weight at gestational day 19 |
Subjects: Wistar rats Chemical: Dioxin (TCDD) Low doses tested: 0.1 μg/kg bw Other doses tested: additional doses given daily for 10 days Route of administration: dissolved in corn oil and delivered orally Exposure duration: gestational day 9 – gestational day 19 (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 3 to beyond birth) Age of measurement: gestational day 19 through 44 days of age |
Reference Nishijo M, Kuriwaki JI, Hori E, Tawara K, Nakagawa H, Nishijo H. 2007. Effects of maternal exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on fetal brain growth and motor and behavioral development in offspring rats. Toxicol Lett 173(1):41-47. |
| Study Results | Study Details | References |
Results for Dioxin (TCDD)Increased liver microsomal UDP-GT activity toward 4-nitrophenol and significant liver microsomol EROD activity at both doses |
Subjects: Sprague-Dawley rats Chemical: Dioxin (TCDD) Low doses tested: 0.25 or 1.0 μg/kg bw/d Route of administration: dissolved in corn oil and delivered through gavage Exposure duration: gestational day 10 – gestational day 16 (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 3 to beyond birth) Age of measurement: 21 days of age |
Reference [PubMed Link] Seo BW, Li MH, Hansen LG, Moore RW, Peterson RE, Schantz SL. 1995. Effects of gestational and lactational exposure to coplanar polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on thyroid hormone concentrations in weanling rats. Toxicol Lett 78(3):253-262. |
| Study Results | Study Details | References |
Results for Dioxin (TCDD)Increased liver weight |
Subjects: Sprague-Dawley rats Chemical: Dioxin (TCDD) Low doses tested: 0.1 μg/kg bw/d Route of administration: dissolved in corn oil and delivered through gavage Exposure duration: gestational day 10 – gestational day 16 (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 3 to beyond birth) Age of measurement: birth through 80 days of age |
Reference [PubMed Link] Seo BW, Sparks AJ, Medora K, Amin S, Schantz SL. 1999. Learning and memory in rats gestationally and lactationally exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Neurotoxicology & Teratology 21(3):231-239. |
| Study Results | Study Details | References |
Results for Dioxin (TCDD)Decreased body weight |
Subjects: Sprague-Dawley rats Chemical: Dioxin (TCDD) Low doses tested: 0.1 or 0.2 μg/kg bw Route of administration: dissolved in corn oil and delivered through gavage Exposure duration: gestational day 10 – gestational day 16 (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 3 to beyond birth) Age of measurement: birth through young adulthood |
Reference [PubMed Link] Seo BW, Powers BE, Widholm JJ, Schantz SL. 2000. Radial arm maze performance in rats following gestational and lactational exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Neurotoxicology & Teratology 22(4):511-519. |
| Study Results | Study Details | References |
Results for Dioxin (TCDD)Increased relative liver weight at weaning at 0.2 μg/kg |
Subjects: Sprague-Dawley rats Chemical: Dioxin (TCDD) Low doses tested: 0.1 or 0.2 μg/kg bw Route of administration: dissolved in corn oil and delivered through gavage Exposure duration: gestational day 10 – gestational day 16 (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 3 to beyond birth) Age of measurement: birth through young adulthood |
Reference [PubMed Link] Seo BW, Powers BE, Widholm JJ, Schantz SL. 2000. Radial arm maze performance in rats following gestational and lactational exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Neurotoxicology & Teratology 22(4):511-519. |
| Study Results | Study Details | References |
Results for Dioxin (TCDD)Decreased body weight at 7 days of age at 3.0 μg/kg; decreased body length on gestational day 10 at 1.5 μg/kg, and at 7 days of age at 3.0 μg/kg |
Subjects: Holtzman rats Chemical: Dioxin (TCDD) Low doses tested: 1.5 or 3.0 μg/kg bw Other doses tested: 6.0 μg/kg bw Route of administration: dissolved in corn oil and delivered through gavage Exposure duration: gestational day 10 – single dose (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 3 to day 1 of week 4) Age of measurement: gestational day 17 through post-natal day 7 |
Reference [PubMed Link] Kransler KM, Tonucci DA, Mcgarrigle BP, Napoli JL, Olson JR. 2007. Gestational exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin alters retinoid homeostasis in maternal and perinatal tissues of the Holtzman rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 224(1):29-38. |
| Study Results | Study Details | References |
Results for Dioxin (TCDD)Increased retinyl palmitate concentration at 3.0 μg/kg); increased retinol ester concentration at 7 days of age at 3.0 μg/kg; increased retinol concentration on gestational day 20 at 1.5 μg/kg |
Subjects: Holtzman rats Chemical: Dioxin (TCDD) Low doses tested: 1.5 or 3.0 μg/kg bw Other doses tested: 6.0 μg/kg bw Route of administration: dissolved in corn oil and delivered through gavage Exposure duration: gestational day 10 – single dose (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 3 to day 1 of week 4) Age of measurement: gestational day 17 through post-natal day 7 |
Reference [PubMed Link] Kransler KM, Tonucci DA, Mcgarrigle BP, Napoli JL, Olson JR. 2007. Gestational exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin alters retinoid homeostasis in maternal and perinatal tissues of the Holtzman rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 224(1):29-38. |
| Study Results | Study Details | References |
Results for Dioxin (TCDD)Increased relative liver weight at 7 days of age; decreased concentrations of retinyl ester, retinyl palmitate, and retinol at 7 days of age; decreased retinyl palmitate hydrolase activity with or without retinol binding protein (Rbp1) on gestational day 20 at 1.5 μg/kg and at 7 days of age at 3.0 μg/kg; increased cytochrome P450 content and EROD activity on gestational day 20 at 1.5 μg/kg and at 7 days of age at 1.5 and 3.0 μg/kg |
Subjects: Holtzman rats Chemical: Dioxin (TCDD) Low doses tested: 1.5 or 3.0 μg/kg bw Other doses tested: 6.0 μg/kg bw Route of administration: dissolved in corn oil and delivered through gavage Exposure duration: gestational day 10 – single dose (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 3 to day 1 of week 4) Age of measurement: gestational day 17 through post-natal day 7 |
Reference [PubMed Link] Kransler KM, Tonucci DA, Mcgarrigle BP, Napoli JL, Olson JR. 2007. Gestational exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin alters retinoid homeostasis in maternal and perinatal tissues of the Holtzman rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 224(1):29-38. |
| Study Results | Study Details | References |
Results for Dioxin (TCDD)Decreased relative lung weight at 7 days of age; decreased concentrations of retinyl ester and retinyl palmitate at various ages and doses; decreased retinol concentration at 7 days of age at 3.0 μg/kg |
Subjects: Holtzman rats Chemical: Dioxin (TCDD) Low doses tested: 1.5 or 3.0 μg/kg bw Other doses tested: 6.0 μg/kg bw Route of administration: dissolved in corn oil and delivered through gavage Exposure duration: gestational day 10 – single dose (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 3 to day 1 of week 4) Age of measurement: gestational day 17 through post-natal day 7 |
Reference [PubMed Link] Kransler KM, Tonucci DA, Mcgarrigle BP, Napoli JL, Olson JR. 2007. Gestational exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin alters retinoid homeostasis in maternal and perinatal tissues of the Holtzman rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 224(1):29-38. |
| Study Results | Study Details | References |
Results for Dioxin (TCDD)Increased mortality at day 1 after birth |
Subjects: Holtzman rats Chemical: Dioxin (TCDD) Low doses tested: 1.0 μg/kg bw Route of administration: dissolved in corn oil and delivered through gavage Exposure duration: gestational day 11 – single dose (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 3 to day 1 of week 4) Age of measurement: birth through adulthood |
Reference [PubMed Link] Flaws JA, Sommer RJ, Silbergeld EK, Peterson RE, Hirshfield AN. 1997. In utero and lactational exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induces genital dysmorphogenesis in the female rat. Toxicology & Applied Pharmacology 147(2):351-362. |
| Study Results | Study Details | References |
Results for Dioxin (TCDD)Increased body weight |
Subjects: C57BL/6N mice Chemical: Dioxin (TCDD) Low doses tested: 3.0 μg/kg bw Other doses tested: 6, 9, 12 or 24μg/kg bw Route of administration: dissolved in corn oil and delivered through gavage Exposure duration: gestational day 10 – single dose (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 3 to day 1 of week 4) Age of measurement: gestational day 18 |
Reference [PubMed Link] Couture LA, Harris MW, Birnbaum LS. 1990 Jul. Characterization of the peak period of sensitivity for the induction of hydronephrosis in C57BL/6N mice following exposure to 2,3,7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Fundam Appl Toxicol 15(1):142-50. |
| Study Results | Study Details | References |
Results for Dioxin (TCDD)Increased incidence of unilateral and bilateral hydronephrosis; increased severity of renal lesions (always greater in the right kidney) |
Subjects: C57BL/6N mice Chemical: Dioxin (TCDD) Low doses tested: 3.0 μg/kg bw Other doses tested: 6, 9, 12 or 24μg/kg bw Route of administration: dissolved in corn oil and delivered through gavage Exposure duration: gestational day 10 – single dose (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 3 to day 1 of week 4) Age of measurement: gestational day 18 |
Reference [PubMed Link] Couture LA, Harris MW, Birnbaum LS. 1990 Jul. Characterization of the peak period of sensitivity for the induction of hydronephrosis in C57BL/6N mice following exposure to 2,3,7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Fundam Appl Toxicol 15(1):142-50. |
| Study Results | Study Details | References |
Results for Dioxin (TCDD)Decreased body weight of males and females |
Subjects: Line C (highly sensitive to TCDD) rats Chemical: Dioxin (TCDD) Low doses tested: 1.0 μg/kg bw Route of administration: dissolved in corn oil and delivered orally Exposure duration: gestational day 11 – single dose (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 3 to day 1 of week 4) Age of measurement: 40 days of age |
Reference [PubMed Link] Miettinen HM, Alaluusua S, Tuomisto J, Viluksela M. 2002. Effect of in utero and lactational 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exposure on rat molar development: The role of exposure time. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 184(1):57-66. |
| Study Results | Study Details | References |
Results for Dioxin (TCDD)Increased number of stillborn; increased mortality after culling for pups exposed only in utero |
Subjects: Line C (highly sensitive to TCDD) rats Chemical: Dioxin (TCDD) Low doses tested: 1.0 μg/kg bw Route of administration: dissolved in corn oil and delivered orally Exposure duration: gestational day 11 – single dose (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 3 to day 1 of week 4) Age of measurement: 40 days of age |
Reference [PubMed Link] Miettinen HM, Alaluusua S, Tuomisto J, Viluksela M. 2002. Effect of in utero and lactational 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exposure on rat molar development: The role of exposure time. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 184(1):57-66. |
| Study Results | Study Details | References |
Results for Dioxin (TCDD)Decreased number of fetuses and decreased frequencies of open eye malformation for EGFR -/- genotypes at 4.4 μg/kg |
Subjects: EGFR + / - mice Chemical: Dioxin (TCDD) Low doses tested: 1.5 or 4.4 μg/kg bw Other doses tested: 19.1, 29.6, 30.1, 42.0, 55.6, or 106.0 μg/kg bw Route of administration: dissolved in corn oil and delivered by gavage Exposure duration: gestational day 10 – single dose (comparable to human prenatal development from approximately day 1 of week 3 to day 1 of week 4) Age of measurement: gestational day 18 |
Reference [PubMed Link] Miettinen HM, Huuskonen H, Partanen AM, Miettinen P, Tuomisto JT, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto J. 2004. Effects of epidermal growth factor receptor deficiency and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlor.odibenzo-p-dioxin on fetal development in mice. Toxicol Lett 150(3):285-291. |